Goodnotes 5 paper paper scroll
In the lower reaches of the town, the vegetation gradually changes from alpine to temperate deciduous and subtropical. Orchids are common and rare varieties of orchids are featured in flower shows in the city. There are densely forested regions around Gangtok, consisting of temperate, deciduous forests of poplar, birch, oak and elm, as well as evergreen, coniferous trees of the wet alpine zone.
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The existence of steep slopes, vulnerability to landslides, large forest cover and inadequate access to most areas have been a major impediment to the natural and balanced growth of the city. Mount Kanchenjunga (8,598 m or 28,208 ft)-the world's third-highest peak-is visible to the west of the city. The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town from the distance. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone-IV (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing seismic activity), near the convergent boundary of the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates and is subject to frequent earthquakes. Surface runoff of water by natural streams ( jhora) and man-made drains has contributed to the risk of landslides. Most of Sikkim, including Gangtok, is underlain by Precambrian rocks which contains foliated phyllites and schists slopes are therefore prone to frequent landslides. The largest disaster occurred in June 1997, when 38 were killed and hundreds of buildings were destroyed. Gangtok has witnessed annual landslides, resulting in loss of life and damage to property. In 1975, after years of political uncertainty and struggle, including riots, the monarchy was abrogated and Sikkim became India's twenty-second state, with Gangtok as its capital after a referendum. The Nathula pass was finally opened for limited trade in 2006, fuelling hopes of economic boom. Trade declined with the Chinese crackdown in Tibet in 1959 and the passes were sealed after the Sino-Indian War in 1962. Trade between India and Tibet flourished through the Nathula and Jelepla passes, benefiting Gangtok. This pact gave the Indians control of external affairs on behalf of Sikkimese. Sikkim came under the suzerainty of India, with the condition that it would retain its independence, by the treaty signed between the Chogyal and the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Following India's independence in 1947, Sikkim became a nation-state with Gangtok as its capital. A new grand palace along with other state buildings was built in the new capital. In 1894, Thutob Namgyal, the Sikkimese monarch under British rule, shifted the capital from Tumlong to Gangtok, increasing the city's importance. Most of the roads and the telegraph in the area were built during this time. After the defeat of the Tibetans by the British, Gangtok became a major stopover in the trade between Tibet and British India at the end of the 19th century. It became the capital of what was left of Sikkim after an English conquest in the mid-19th century in response to a hostage crisis. Gangtok remained a small hamlet until the construction of the Enchey Monastery in 1840 made it a pilgrimage center. The earliest records date from the construction of the hermitic Gangtok monastery in 1716. Like the rest of Sikkim, not much is known about the early history of Gangtok. After Sikkim's merger with India in 1975, Gangtok continued as the state capital. After India won its independence from the British Empire in 1947, Sikkim chose to remain an independent monarchy, with Gangtok as its capital. In the early 20th century, Gangtok became a major stopover on the trade route between Lhasa in Tibet and cities such as Kolkata (then Calcutta) in British India.
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In 1894, the ruling Sikkimese Chogyal, Thutob Namgyal, transferred the capital to Gangtok. Gangtok rose to prominence as a popular Buddhist pilgrimage site after the construction of the Enchey Monastery in 1840. Within the higher peaks of the Himalaya and with a year-round mild temperate climate, Gangtok is at the centre of Sikkim's tourism industry. The town's population of 100,000 are from different ethnicities such as Bhutia, Lepchas and Indian Gorkhas. Gangtok is in the eastern Himalayan range, at an elevation of 1,650 m (5,410 ft). It is also the headquarters of the East Sikkim district. Gangtok ( / ˈ ɡ æ ŋ t ɒ k/ ( listen) Nepali pronunciation: ) is a city, municipality, the capital and the largest town of the Indian state of Sikkim.